A complete guide to multithreading in Python — creating threads, avoiding race conditions with Lock, inter-thread communication with Event, Semaphore, ThreadPoolExecutor, and when threading is effective.
A complete guide to multiprocessing in Python — the difference between processes and threads, Process Pools, inter-process communication with Queue and Pipe, shared state with Manager, and when multiprocessing is a better fit than threading.
A complete guide to context managers in Python — how the __enter__ and __exit__ protocol works, creating custom context managers with classes and @contextmanager, handling exceptions inside the context, and using ExitStack for dynamic resource management.
A complete guide to decorators in Python — how functions work as first-class objects, basic decorators, using @wraps, decorators with arguments, decorators for classes, stacking decorators, and Python's built-in decorators like @property, @staticmethod, and @classmethod.
A complete guide to sockets in Python — how TCP and UDP work, the connection lifecycle, multi-client servers with threading, error handling and timeouts, SO_REUSEADDR, and when to choose TCP vs UDP.
A complete guide to WebSockets in Python — how they differ from HTTP, the handshake process, echo and multi-client broadcast servers, sending JSON, handling disconnects, keepalive with ping/pong, and when WebSockets beat the alternatives.
A complete guide to web servers in Python — http.server for development, Flask for lightweight REST APIs, FastAPI with type hints and automatic validation, Django for full-featured applications, the WSGI vs ASGI comparison, and a framework selection guide.
A complete guide to unit testing in Python — structuring test cases with unittest, choosing the right assertions, setUp and tearDown fixtures, testing exceptions with assertRaises, subTest for many inputs, organizing test files, and running tests from the command line.
A complete guide to mocking in Python — Mock vs MagicMock, patching the correct path, patch.object, the spec parameter for type safety, return_value vs side_effect, mock assertions, and mocking anti-patterns to avoid.